This article is based on a blog article by Betty Teh.
If
you watch Anwar Ibrahim on the ASEAN stage or at the UN: he is fluent,
fearless, a regional elder statesman lecturing superpowers on Gaza or peace. At
home, the same man struggles to pass a budget, cannot fire a single underperforming minister, and
spends half his week flying to Kuching or Kota Kinabalu to prevent the
government from collapsing.
Is
this a contradiction in personality? The difference is not character; it is
structural. Is it a logical consequence of coalition mathematics?
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org
Coalition
politics has hollowed, turned what was once the federation’s most authoritative
office into a eunuch. This transformation, is from the 2018 electoral fracture.
From Tunku Abdul Rahman to Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysian prime ministers wielded
near absolute control within their coalitions. Today, the job is a perpetual
negotiation. The Prime Minister is no longer the architect of national destiny;
he is a coalition manager, juggling incompatible agendas from partners who view
governance as a zero-sum extraction game. A Malaysian Prime Minister today is
not a leader. He is a coalition manager, a professional negotiator.
The
asymmetry is starkest in foreign policy versus domestic affairs. Abroad, Anwar
operates in a vacuum of vetoes. No political warlord is present to demand
concessions. No GPS chief to text “remember MA63”. No DAP conservative
threatens to bolt over on Palestine. The international arena allows him to
project Malaysia’s intent unfiltered a moderate Muslim democracy punching above
its weight. It is theatre without scriptwriters, where he can afford moral
clarity because the stakes are symbolic, not existential.
At
home, every utterance is impacted by a cabinet that resembles a fragile Tower
of Pisa. The “unity government” 19 parties stitched together post GE15 is less
an administration than a non-aggression pact. The result? Domestic policy is a graveyard of
intent. A strong government derives power from clarity of purpose: “This is our
mandate; this is the timeline.” Coalitions, by nature, erode that.
Separating
the Attorney General from the Public Prosecutor? Stalled, to avoid accelerating
trials that could topple some partners. Ending race-based quotas? Whispered in
private, abandoned in public to placate Malay nationalists. Survival supplants
strategy. The Prime Minister cannot fire an incompetent minister without
risking a defection cascade. He cannot enforce fiscal discipline if it cuts
Borneo’s subsidies. He cannot advance climate policy if it threatens Sarawak’s
oil or timber interests. Even anti-corruption, once PH’s rallying cry, is
neutered: high profile cases crawl at glacial pace. This is not governance; it
is arbitrage, where every decision is priced in parliamentary votes.
Compare
this to coalitions that function. Australia’s Liberal National pact succeeds
because both parties share a centre right worldview: free markets, rural
priorities, conservative values. Their agreements are public, detailed, and
enforceable, allowing the Prime Minister to lead without daily renegotiation.
Germany’s traffic light coalitions (SPD-Greens-FDP) produce 200-page contracts
that pre-resolve disputes, anchoring the Chancellor’s authority in shared
progressive intent. Japan’s LDP dominated alliances marginalize junior
partners, preserving executive primacy.
Malaysia’s
model is the inverse: a patchwork of ideological antagonists. From hudud to secular
education, to Bumiputera patronage, reformist populism or regional autonomy. Coalition
works only when parties share a similar ideology. Malaysia’s coalitions are
marriages of convenience, not principle.
As
Betty Teh puts it, this is a political science term for “veto player
proliferation.” Each coalition fragment becomes a gatekeeper, diluting
executive intent until only the lowest common denominator remains - don’t
collapse. Anwar’s government holds 148 seats but bleeding support.
The
consequences cascade. Voter cynicism spikes and turnout dipped to 61 percent in
Sabah, foreshadowing GE16 apathy. Institutional decay accelerates,
gerrymandering persists, political financing stays opaque, judicial
independence remains aspirational. Economic growth sputters under policy
inconsistency; foreign investors eye Indonesia’s decisiveness instead.
Do
we elect negotiators or government? Eventually it is assembled like IKEA
furniture. And with the wrong screws missing parts and an instruction manual
written in 5 different languages, it works like an intermittent wiper. Anwar
knows this. His partners know this. The rakyat must internalize it: we have
traded statesmen for caretakers, vision for vigilance. The premiership, once a decision-making
office, is now a tightrope. And in Malaysia’s endless balancing act, the only
sure winner is inertia.
Reference:
The
Hollow Crown, Why Malaysia’s Prime Minister Is a Statesman Abroad and a
Caretaker at Home, Betty Teh, 4 December 2025